An evaluation of crime statistics

An evaluation of crime statistics Crime Statistics Evaluated. Crime statistics ought to be evaluated in light of a number of factors that can mislead social constructions of offending. Conclusions drawn from individual data sets are to be evaluated against the dark figure of crime and commonly held myths. Statistical data are mostly gathered and interpreted to suit political and corporate agendas (Chambliss, 2001; Croall, 1998; Rampton Stauber, 2001; Slapper Tombs, 1999). The criminalization/decriminalization of specific activities/behaviours, for instance, can considerably transform crime trends (Croall, 1998). Male homosexuality, for instance, wasnt decriminalized in Britain until the 1960s (Croall, 1998; Downes Morgan, 1997). Other issues stem from how the data is collected. Surveys conducted by household, for instance, dont include the victimization of homeless people (Kershaw et al., 2000). Furthermore, crimes in which offenders and victims are consenting parties (for example drug dealing) are largely unreported (Kershaw et al., 2000; M aguire, 1997). A lot has been done to refine the collection of crime data. The introduction of victims surveys in the British Crime Survey, for instance, has improved the quality of data collection on crimes that are not recorded by the police (Kershaw et al., 2000; Zedner, 1997). Nevertheless, the reliability of statistics on offending remains questionable. Public myths over the crime problem, combined with corporate interests, drive political activities, which in turn work to mould public perceptions. These are perpetuated by the media who tend to sensationalize street crime, for instance, in order to attract the readership (Chambliss, 2001; Reiner, 1997; Slapper Tombs, 1999). The proceeding lines will provide an account of current statistics and trends, following this line of reasoning. Looking at the shape of crime as it appears from the 2004 BCS summary of trends, it appears that rates of offending have consistently dropped in the past decade (Dodd et al., 2004). More in detail, since 1995 violent crimes have decreased by 36%. Acts of vandalism have decreased by 27%. Vehicle theft, theft from the person, other types of theft and burglary rates appear to have declined, respectively, by 51%, 9%, 36% and 47% (Dodd et al., 2004). Though the validity of these figures, to an extent, cannot be totally dismissed, particularly in sight of their statistical significance, they should be further investigated. Many of these crimes, including vandalism and theft, for instance, are assessed by household (Dodd et al., 2004). Therefore theft offences from homeless people may not appear in these figures. Crimes of violence, on the other hand, are statistically assessed against the overall number of adults in England and Wales (Dodd et al., 2004). In this case, illegal immigrants who do not appear in official registers are not included. The table published by the Home Office also contains a definitional bias. As it was acknowledged by the authors themselves: The BCS common assault definition includes minor injuries. From 2002/03 the recorded crime definition does not include minor injuries  (Dodd et al., 2004). This means that figures related to common assault included a larger variety of violent episodes in the years prior to 2002. This can account for the 43% drop in common assault since 1995 (Dodd et al., 2004).The monitoring of other types of offending, such as cybercrime, has been introduced by external agencies (Power, 2000), though the Home Office themselves have addressed the problem in current publications (Morris, 2004). Cybercrime refers to a variety of offensive activities, to include theft of proprietary information [ ¦], financial fraud [ ¦] [and the] creation and distribution of computer viruses  (Power, 2000: 4). According to the Computer Emergency Response Team (2000), there was a considerable increase in the reporting of internet alerts between 1988 and 1999. It should be noted that this could be largely due to the limited access and technological tools available in the 1980s, compared to the 1990s. Internet alerts, however, fell by the year 2000 (Power, 2000), maybe due to more advanced preventative measures. Financial fraud can currently be denounced as a type of cybercrime, in that it often employs a network of internet transactions, involving large amounts of money and large scale victimization, internationally and over long periods of time (Levi, 1987; Rampton Stauber, 2001; Slapper Tombs, 1999). Corporate and internet offending tend to be largely undetected due to their complex nature (Levi, 1987; Rampton Stauber, 2001; Slapper Tombs, 1999). Because of this, corresponding data tends to be scattered between a variety of agencies (Power, 2000; Slapper Tombs, 1999). A strategic and more advanced model, therefore, should be developed to effectively address the emerging new trends of offending. References Chambliss, W. J. (2001) Power, politics and crime, Oxford, Westview Press.Croall, H. (1998) Crime and society in Britain, London, Longman.Dodd, T., Nicholas, S., Povey, D. Walker, A. (2004) Crime in England and Wales 2003/2004, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/hosb1004.pdf Downes, D. Morgan, R. (1997) Dumping the Hostages to Fortune? The politics of Law and Order in Post-War Britain, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Kershaw, C., Budd, T., Kinshott, G., Mattinson, J., Mayhew, P. Myhill, A. (2000) Home Office Statistical Bulletin: the 2000 British Crime Survey, London, Home Office.Levi, M. (1987) Regulating Fraud, London, Tavistock.Maguire, M. (1997) Crime statistics, patterns, and trends: changing perceptions, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Morris, S. (2004) The future of netcrime now: Part 2 -respon ses, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/rdsolr6304.pdfPower, R. (2000) Tangled Web: tales of digital crime from the shadows of cyberspace, Indianapolis, Que.Rampton, S. Stauber, J. (2001) Trust us, were experts, New York, Penguin/Putnam.Reiner, R. (1997) Media made criminality: the representation of crime in the mass media, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Slapper, G. Tombs, S. (1999) Corporate Crime, London, Longman.Zedner, L. (1997) Victims, in: Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (eds.) 1997, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Essay

Psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmend Freud. It is a system in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Development explains that if there was a conflict in a stage and not resolved that person would be fixated. Carl Jung’s Analytic Psychology is according to the mind or psyche. Alfred Alder’s Individual Psychology is the importance of each person’s perceived niche in society. Freud’s work is now the most heavily cited in all of psychology. Most of Freud’s patients did not need treatment so he resorted to using hypnosis. He used the technique of free association in order to understand the causes of mental and physical problems in his patients. Dreams to him were saw as pieces and hints of unconscious. The problems of inner conflict and tension are found in dreams. There are three structured parts in the mind according to Freud. The three parts are id, ego, and superego. Freud’s and Jung are compared by using unconscious sexuality in their theories. The id, das es in German means the it; it operates according to the demands of the pleasure principle to reduce inner tension. Ego is the Latin word for I. Personality that deals with the real world according to the reality principle to solve real problems. Superego rules over the ego and parts are unconscious, though it constrains our individual actions. Freud looked for meaning in minor connections thoughts and behaviors. Now 100 of years later there are no three levels id, ego, and superego. Freud was correct in concluding that certain parts of the mind are not subject to conscious awareness. His theories opened new approaches to human nature and psychotherapy. Carl Jung theory is divided into three parts just as Freud’s theory is. The three are unconscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. Freud and Carl embody the sense of self for unconscious. Personal unconscious are thoughts and urges that are unimportant at the present. This contains past (retrospective) and future (prospective) material to be compensated to have a balance. Collective unconscious is comprises a deeper level of unconsciousness and is made up of powerful emotional symbols called archetypes. Archetypes are derived from the emotional reactions of our ancestors. Carl Jung was interested in the deepest universal aspects of personality and expanded ideas of the unconscious to include emotionally charged images and expanded ideas of all generations. He also gives the concepts of complexes meaning emotionally charged thoughts and feeling on a particular them. Another thing is he describes personality as being comprised of competing forces pulling against one another to reach equilibrium. Alfred Adler focused on the social world and its identity. Adler and Freud’s differences were in the origin of motivation. Freud theory was based on prime motivations that were built on pleasure and sexuality. Adler’s theory is based on motivations that are more complex. Adler was much more concerned with social conditions and saw the need to take preventive measures to avoid disturbances in personality. He believed personality problems can be avoided by using detailed knowledge about individuals to construct healthier social environment. Personality typology based loosely on Greek notions of the bodily humors. He believed in positive goal oriented and nature of human kind. There are two characteristics that I agree with which are: Jung’s personal unconscious and Alder’s superiority complex. There are two characteristics that I disagree with which are: Freud’s latency stage and Alder’s collective unconscious. Psychosexual Development has five stages: oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, Oedipus complex, Electra complex, latency stage, and genital stage. Oral stage is where we satisfy our hunger and thirst. Anal stage is where we feel relief when defecating. Phallic stage is where adolescents focus on genitals. Oedipus stage is where a young boy wants to kill his father to marry his beloved mother. This is the opposite for girls in the Electra complex. Latency stage is where adolescents focus more on academics and friendships. Genital stage is where marks the beginning of an adult life of normal sexual relations, marriage, and child-rearing. Challenges from the outer environment and from our inner urges threaten us with anxiety; there are three defense mechanisms that I can relate to very well. The three are reaction formation, displacement, and rationalization. The processes that the ego uses to distort reality to protect itself are called defense mechanisms. Reaction formation is the process of pushing away threatening impulses by overemphasizing the opposite in one’s thoughts and actions, e.g. Josephine was a classmate of mine in 2008. A lot of my peers in that year were exposing themselves to be either gay or lesbian. Josephine’s religious and outspoken background made her very judgmental towards her peers. Ultimately, the summer of 2009 being in the spotlight of high school she had a girlfriend. Displacement is the shifting of the target of one’s unconscious fears and desires, e.g. Jason and I get into arguments all the time just as any normal couple. The dishes were not washes like I had asked. For some reason my frustration was at an all-time high. The dog tipped over the trash can in the kitchen and in the bathroom. Not to mention the dog feces in the living. I had enough so I kicked my dog, Charles. Rationalization is a mechanism involving post-hoc logical explanations for behaviors that were actually driven by internal unconscious motives, e.g. I want to move back home so that it will be easier for the baby and I just know it would be so much easier and a better opportunity for me to concentrate on school, but the underlying is that I just want to leave my current home. In conclusion, psychoanalytic theory was developed by Freud. This is a system in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior. Both Freud and Jung believed ego played a huge part in personality and the unconscious sexuality. Adler and Freud’s theory differed by the origin of motivation. Freud believes in prime motivations were pleasure and sexuality. Adler believes in human motivations that are more complex. Like Jun Adler believed in the importance of the teleological aspects, or goal-directedness of human nature. Difference in Freud’s and Adler’s philosophies was that Adler was much more concerned with social conditions. He saw the need to take preventive measures to avoid disturbances in personality. In all of these theories helped open new approac hes to human nature and psychotherapy. References Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2011). Personality. Classic Theories and Modern Research (5th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Rhetorical Modes Matrix Essay

The art of telling stories. Structure – Usually in chronological order, which events are told in the order in which they occurred Two Tips – 1. A plot summary can help you create a chronological outline. 2. Start with a strong intro to hook your reader into wanting to continue reading. Illustration: Purpose – Clearly demonstrates and supports a point through the use of evidence. Structure – Order of importance: arranges ideas according to their significance Two Tips. Use evidence that is appropriate to your topic as well as your audience. 2. Vary the phrases of illustration you used, it is critical when trying to keep readers engaged Description: Purpose – To make sure your audience is fully immersed in the words on the page by using sensory details. Structure – Spatial Order, depending on the writer, descriptions could go from top to bottom or left to right. Two Tips – 1. Avoid â€Å"empty† descriptors if possible. 2. Use spatial order to organize your descriptive writing. Classification: Purpose – To break broad subjects down into smaller, more manageable, and more specific parts Structure – Organized by breaking it down into subcategories Two Tips – 1. Choose topics you know well when writing this type of essays. 2. Make sure you break down your topic at least three different ways. Process Analysis: Purpose – The purpose is to explain how to do something or how something works. Structure – In chronological order, step by step instructions on how something is accomplished Two Tips – 1. Always have someone else read it to make sure it makes sense. 2. Always use strong details and clear examples Definition: Purpose – The purpose is to simply define something. Structure – It is organized by context, the circumstance, conditions, or settings in which something occurs or exists Two Tips – 1. Avoid terms that are too simple, that lack complexity. 2. you are more likely to write a more interesting essay if you are writing about something you are familiar with. Compare & Contrast: Purpose – To determine how various phenomena are related in terms of origins and results. Structure – The cause-and-effect essay can be organized in two primary ways: 1. Start with the cause(s) and then talk about the effect(s); or 2. Start with the effect(s) and then talk about the causes. Two Tips – 1. As soon as you claim that one cause or effect is more crucial than the others, you have developed a thesis. 2. Be sure to have clear evidence to support the claims that you make. Cause & Effect: Purpose – To convince, motivate or move readers toward a certain point of view or opinion Structure – Structural Components: Intro & thesis, Opposing & qualifying ideas, Strong evidence, Style & tone, Compelling conclusion Two Tips – 1. A productive approach is to persuade your reader to consider your opinion as a valid one, one simply the right one. Avoid forming a thesis based on a negative claim Persuasion: Purpose- Persuasive writing, also referred to as a creative writing or an argument, is a piece of writing in which the writer uses words to convince the reader of his/her view regarding an issue. Structure- Persuasive writing, also referred to as a creative writing or an argument, is a piece of writing in which the writer uses words to convince the reader of his/her view regarding an issue. Two Tips – 1. Do not neglect opposing viewpoints and arguments in the essay. 2. Acknowledging other viewpoints can actually strengthen your own points.

Analysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 891 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Scarlet Letter Essay Did you like this example? The scarlet letter a classic novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is about a young married woman named Hester Prynne who moves to Boston from Europe by herself who commits adultery with reverend Arthur Dimmesdale while awaiting her husband who had not made it to Boston. Hester then gives birth to a little girl named Pearl. Eventually her husband shows up, but only hester knows who he is really. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter" essay for you Create order When he arrived he found out that his wife had a kid, and swears revenge on Pearls father. For seven years, Arthur is persecuted in secret by Hesters husband, Roger. Later Arthur and Hester plan to go to Europe to live a better life, but Arthur dies, and Hester and Pearl leave to Europe and stay for awhile. Pearl gets married and Hester moves back to Boston, to live in the same cottage, resume doing charitable work, and wear the scarlet letter. She then dies alone and is buried next to Arthur under the same tombstone bearing only the letter A. The Scarlet Letter is historically significant because it can relate to todays world and society, and shows the overwhelming traditions that have stayed the same throughout the years, such as the way women are treated and shamed, how affairs managed, and also how homelessness can relate to Hester personally. In the novel, a younger woman, Hester Prynne, is a publicly shamed for committing adultery, concluding to a illegitimate child. She was punished for her crime and secrecy, she was condemned to wear a scarlet A on the chest of her clothing for the rest of her life in Boston. When standing before the crowd they would chant and yell hurtful words to her. Behold, verily, there is the woman of the scarlet letter; and, of a truth, moreover, there is the likeness of the scarlet letter running along by her side! Come, therefore, and let us fling mud at them! (66) Women today are shamed the same way Hester was back then. This type of shaming, also known as slut shaming is usually meant towards lower-status woman as a way to degrade them for the way they dress, or the frequency of their affairs. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Hester wore the letter A on her chest for the world to see. It was a way for the community to shame her for her adultery. Today, girls are wearing a new type of scarlet letter that is much more permanent and much harder to handle. Their scarlet letter is in the form of slut-shaming both on the Internet and in the school hallways. People in both todays society and Hesters society do the same things to people. Then and now, society hasnt changed what we do to people only the name that we call it. In addition to the way that women are shamed, the way that our civilization manages affairs, and adultery now is both the same and different. Adultery then was appeared to have been the people who committed such unholy acts were to wear a scarlet A upon their chest and be publicly shamed for their crimes. Today men and women who commit such unlawful acts are punished differently depending on where they are, in the U.S. it varies by state. For example, in Maryland the punishment is a fine of $10, while in Massachusetts it is punishable by three years jail time. The punishment for adultery is somehow exactly the same because in our evolved civilization three years goes on your permanent record, which makes it very hard to get a job. People will think very poorly of them. In The Scarlet Letters time people would be given the scarlet A and find it hard to do the same things. Hesters life and treatment could closely relate to todays homeless people. How? Because just like in the scarlet letter people are afraid of whats different and and judge people way too quickly. For example when homeless men and women sit outside of stores people think that they are bad people and will behave poorly around customers or steal things from their shops, or how in the scarlet letter Hester was judged too quickly, people assumed what happened or what kind of person she was. When really she was a kind person who got by doing charitable work for a living. They are publicly humiliated and discriminated a lot of the time, this happens because of the way that they look or because they are poor and not as well off as other people in todays civilization. This also relates to Hester personally when hester is given the scarlet A and wears it. This is like how a lot of homeless people hold up their signs showing their economic status, how they need food, and or are asking for help from others. In conclusion The scarlet letter has many similarities to our society today, such as women being shamed, how affairs are handled, and how homeless people can relate to Hester personally, even though each one of these can be related to Hester Prynne personally. All this and more makes this novel historically significant. Work cited: https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/quotes-anyone-senior-paper-help-241165 https://facingthepastshapingthefuture.com/teacher-guidance/teaching-learning-strategies/history/historical-significance/ https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/scarlet/summary/ https://prezi.com/m/jl7j_1vf1jp8/modern-day-scarlet-letter-examples/ https://www.verywellfamily.com/the-effects-of-slut-shaming-on-teen-girls-460586